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Ua noiʻi mākou i ka hopena o kahi ʻili kikoʻī ma nā waiwai electrochemical o NiCo2O4 (NCO) no ka ʻike glucose.NCO nanomaterials me ka mana kiko'ī ili wahi i hanaia e ka hydrothermal synthesis me nā mea hoʻohui, a me ka hoʻohui pū ʻana i nā nanostructures me ka hedgehog, pine nila, tremella a me ka pua e like me ka morphology.Aia ka mea hou o kēia ʻano i ka mana ʻōnaehana o ke ala hopena kemika ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole i ka wā synthesis, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā morphologies like ʻole me ka ʻole o ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻano kristal a me ke kūlana kemika o nā mea constituent.Ke alakaʻi nei kēia mana morphological o NCO nanomaterials i nā loli nui i ka hana electrochemical o ka ʻike glucose.I ka hui pū ʻana me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻili a me ka hana electrochemical no ka ʻike glucose.Hiki i kēia hana ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike ʻepekema i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻili o nā nanostructure e hoʻoholo i kā lākou hana no nā noi kūpono i nā biosensors glucose.
Hāʻawi nā pae glucose koko i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke kūlana metabolic a physiological o ke kino1,2.No ka laʻana, hiki i nā pae maʻamau o ka glucose i ke kino ke hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o nā pilikia olakino koʻikoʻi, e like me ka maʻi diabetes, ka maʻi cardiovascular, a me ka momona3,4,5.No laila, he mea nui ka nānā mau ʻana i ke kō koko koko no ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino maikaʻi.ʻOiai ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka glucose e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻike physicochemical, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā manawa pane lohi e mau i nā pale i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomau glucose hoʻomau 6,7,8.Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea ʻike koko electrochemical kaulana i kēia manawa e pili ana i nā hopena enzymatic aia nō kekahi mau palena ʻoiai ko lākou pono o ka pane wikiwiki, ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me nā kaʻina hana hana maʻalahi9,10.No laila, ua aʻo nui ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea ʻike electrochemical non-enzymatic e pale i ka denaturation enzyme ʻoiai e mālama ana i nā pono o nā biosensors electrochemical9,11,12,13.
ʻO nā pūhui metala hoʻololi (TMCs) loaʻa kahi hana catalytic kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka glucose, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ke ʻano o kā lākou noi i nā sensors glucose electrochemical13,14,15.I kēia manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo like ʻole a me nā ʻano maʻalahi no ka synthesis o TMS e hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka naʻau, ke koho, a me ke kūpaʻa electrochemical o ka ʻike glucose16,17,18.No ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻokikene metala hoʻololi ʻole e like me ka copper oxide (CuO)11,19, zinc oxide (ZnO)20, nickel oxide (NiO)21,22, cobalt oxide (Co3O4)23,24 a me ka cerium oxide (CeO2) 25. hana electrochemical e pili ana i ka glucose.ʻO nā holomua hou i nā oxides metala binary e like me ka nickel cobaltate (NiCo2O4) no ka ʻike glucose ua hōʻike i nā hopena synergistic hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana uila26,27,28,29,30.ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka haku mele a me ka mana morphology e hoʻokumu i ka TMS me nā nanostructures like ʻole hiki ke hoʻonui i ka ʻike ʻike ma muli o ko lākou ʻāpana ākea nui, no laila ua manaʻo nui ʻia e hoʻomohala i ka morphology controlled TMS no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka glucose detection20,25,30,31,32, 33.34, 35.
Maʻaneʻi mākou e hōʻike nei i nā nanomaterials NiCo2O4 (NCO) me nā morphologies like ʻole no ka ʻike glucose.Loaʻa nā NCO nanomaterials e kahi ʻano hydrothermal maʻalahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole, ʻo nā mea hoʻohui kemika kekahi o nā kumu nui i ka hui pū ʻana o nā nanostructures o nā ʻano morphologies.Ua noiʻi ʻōnaehana mākou i ka hopena o nā NCO me nā morphologies ʻokoʻa i kā lākou hana electrochemical no ka ʻike glucose, me ka naʻau, ka koho, ka palena ʻike haʻahaʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa lōʻihi.
Hoʻopili mākou i nā nanomaterials NCO (pōkole UNCO, PNCO, TNCO a me FNCO i kēlā me kēia) me nā microstructures e like me nā urchins kai, nā nila pine, tremella a me nā pua.Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 1 i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, a me FNCO.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi SEM a me nā kiʻi EDS ua māhele like ʻia ʻo Ni, Co, a me O i nā nanomaterials NCO, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2. S1 a me S2.Ma ka fig.2a, b hōʻike i nā kiʻi TEM ʻelele o nā nanomaterials NCO me ka morphology ʻokoʻa.ʻO UNCO kahi microsphere hoʻohui ponoʻī (diameter: ~5 µm) i haku ʻia me nā nanowires me nā nanoparticles NCO (ka nui o ka nui o ka nui: 20 nm).Manaʻo ʻia kēia microstructure kūʻokoʻa e hāʻawi i kahi ākea ākea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka diffusion electrolyte a me ka lawe electron.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka NH4F a me ka urea i ka wā synthesis ua loaʻa i kahi microstructure acicular mānoanoa (PNCO) 3 µm ka lōʻihi a me 60 nm ākea, i haku ʻia me nā nanoparticles nui aʻe.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o HMT ma kahi o NH4F ka hopena i kahi tremello-like morphology (TNCO) me nā nanosheets wrinkled.ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o NH4F a me HMT i ka wā synthesis e alakaʻi i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā nanosheets wrinkled pili, e hopena i kahi morphology like-pua (FNCO).ʻO ke kiʻi HREM (Fig. 2c) hōʻike i nā pūnaʻi maʻi ʻokoʻa me nā spacing interplanar o 0.473, 0.278, 0.50, a me 0.237 nm, e pili ana i nā mokulele (111), (220), (311), a me (222) NiCo2O4, s 27 .Ua hoʻopaʻa pū ʻia ke ʻano polycrystalline o NiCo2O4 o NCO nanomaterials (i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka Fig. 2b).Hōʻike nā hopena o ke kiʻi ʻeleʻele annular kiʻekiʻe (HAADF) a me ka palapala palapala EDS i ka māhele like ʻana o nā mea āpau i ka nanomaterial NCO, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 2d.
Hōʻike schematic o ke kaʻina hana o ka NiCo2O4 nanostructures me ka morphology hoʻomalu.Hōʻike pū ʻia nā Schematics a me nā kiʻi SEM o nā nanostructure like ʻole.
ʻO ke ʻano moʻokalaleo a me ke ʻano o nā nanomaterials NCO: (a) kiʻi TEM, (b) kiʻi TEM me ke ʻano SAED, (c) kiʻi HRTEM i hoʻoholo ʻia i ka grating a me nā kiʻi HADDF pili o Ni, Co, a me O i (d) NCO nanomaterials..
Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa X-ray o nā nanomaterial NCO o nā morphologies like ʻole ma Fig.3a.ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka diffraction ma 18.9, 31.1, 36.6, 44.6, 59.1 a me 64.9° e hōʻike ana i nā mokulele (111), (220), (311), (400), (511) a me (440) NiCo2O4, kēlā me kēia, he cubic. spinel structure (JCPDS No. 20-0781) 36. Hōʻike ʻia ka spectra FT-IR o nā nanomaterials NCO ma Fig.3b.ʻElua mau puʻupuʻu haʻalulu ikaika ma ka ʻāpana ma waena o 555 a me 669 cm–1 e pili ana i ka oxygen metala (Ni a me Co) i huki ʻia mai nā kūlana tetrahedral a me ka octahedral o ka spinel NiCo2O437, kēlā me kēia.No ka hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai o ka NCO nanomaterials, ua loaʻa ʻo Raman spectra e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 3c.ʻO nā piko ʻehā i ʻike ʻia ma 180, 459, 503, a me 642 cm-1 pili i nā ʻano Raman F2g, E2g, F2g, a me A1g o ka spinel NiCo2O4, kēlā me kēia.Ua hana ʻia nā ana XPS no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke kūlana kemika o ka ʻili o nā mea i loko o nā nanomaterials NCO.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 3d i ka spectrum XPS o UNCO.ʻO ka spectrum o Ni 2p he ʻelua mau piko nui i loaʻa i ka ikehu hoʻopaʻa ʻana o 854.8 a me 872.3 eV, e pili ana iā Ni 2p3/2 a me Ni 2p1/2, a me ʻelua mau ukali vibrational ma 860.6 a me 879.1 eV.Hōʻike kēia i ka noho ʻana o Ni2+ a me Ni3+ oxidation states ma NCO.ʻO nā piko ma kahi o 855.9 a me 873.4 eV no Ni3+, a ʻo nā piko ma kahi o 854.2 a me 871.6 eV no Ni2+.Pēlā nō, hōʻike ʻia ka spectrum Co2p o ʻelua spin-orbit doublets i nā piko hiʻona no Co2+ a me Co3+ ma 780.4 (Co 2p3/2) a me 795.7 eV (Co 2p1/2).Kūlike nā piko ma 796.0 a me 780.3 eV me Co2+, a me nā piko ma 794.4 a me 779.3 eV pili me Co3+.Pono e hoʻomaopopoʻiaʻo ka polyvalent state of metal ions (Ni2 + / Ni3 + a me Co2 + / Co3 +) ma NiCo2O4 e hoʻonui i ka hoʻonui i ka hana electrochemical37,38.Ua hōʻike ka Ni2p a me Co2p spectra no UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, a me FNCO i nā hopena like, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka fig.S3.Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ka spectra O1s o nā mea nanomaterial NCO a pau (Fig. S4) i ʻelua peaks ma 592.4 a me 531.2 eV, i hui pū ʻia me nā mea hoʻopaʻa metala-oxygen a me ka oxygen ma nā hui hydroxyl o ka ʻili NCO, kēlā me kēia39.ʻOiai ua like nā hale o nā nanomaterials NCO, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa morphological i nā mea hoʻohui e hōʻike ana e hiki i kēlā me kēia mea hoʻohui ke komo ʻokoʻa i nā hopena kemika e hana i ka NCO.Mālama kēia i ka nucleation maikaʻi loa a me ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, a laila e hoʻomalu i ka nui o nā ʻāpana a me ka pae o ka agglomeration.No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka mana o nā ʻāpana kaʻina hana like ʻole, me nā mea hoʻohui, ka manawa pane, a me ka mahana i ka wā synthesis, e hoʻolālā i ka microstructure a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana electrochemical o NCO nanomaterials no ka ʻike glucose.
(a) X-ray diffraction pattern, (b) FTIR a me (c) Raman spectra o NCO nanomaterials, (d) XPS spectra o Ni 2p a me Co 2p mai UNCO.
ʻO ka morphology o nā nanomaterials NCO i hoʻololi ʻia e pili kokoke ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā pae mua i loaʻa mai nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi S5.Eia hou, X-ray a me Raman spectra o hou hoomakaukau laana (Figures S6 a me S7a) hoike i ke komo ana o ka likeʻole kemika additives hopena i crystallographic okoa: Ni a me Co carbonate hydroxides ua nui nānā 'ia i loko o ke kai urchins a me ka pine kui kui. ʻO nā hale i ke ʻano o ka tremella a me ka pua e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka nickel a me ka cobalt hydroxides.Hōʻike ʻia ka FT-IR a me XPS spectra o nā laʻana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2. Hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo S7b-S9 i nā hōʻike maopopo o nā ʻokoʻa crystallographic i ʻōlelo ʻia.Mai nā waiwai waiwai o nā laʻana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, ua akaka ke komo ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui i nā hopena hydrothermal a hāʻawi i nā ala ʻano like ʻole e loaʻa ai nā pae mua me nā morphologies40,41,42.ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā morphologies like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi nā nanowires hoʻokahi-dimensional (1D) a me ʻelua-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, ua wehewehe ʻia e ke kūlana kemika ʻokoʻa o nā pae mua (Ni a me Co ions, a me nā pūʻulu hana). ukali ʻia e ka ulu kristal42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47. I ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana ma hope o ka wela, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻāpana mua like ʻole i NCO spinel me ka mālama ʻana i kā lākou morphology kūikawā, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma nā Kiʻi 1 a me 2. 2 a me 3a.
Hiki i nā ʻokoʻa morphological i nā nanomaterials NCO ke hoʻoikaika i ka ʻāpana electrochemically active no ka ʻike glucose, a laila e hoʻoholo ai i nā hiʻohiʻona electrochemical holoʻokoʻa o ka sensor glucose.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka N2 BET adsorption-desorption isotherm e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka pore a me kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī o nā nanomaterials NCO.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ka 4 i nā isotherms BET o nā mea nano NCO like ʻole.ʻO ka BET kikoʻī ili wahi no UNCO, PNCO, TNCO a me FNCO i manaʻo ʻia ma 45.303, 43.304, 38.861 a me 27.260 m2/g.Loaʻa iā UNCO ka ʻāpana BET kiʻekiʻe loa (45.303 m2 g-1) a me ka nui o ka pore nui (0.2849 cm3 g-1), a he haiki ka puʻunaue nui.Hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa BET no nā nanomaterials NCO ma ka Papa 1. Ua like loa ka N2 adsorption-desorption curves me ke ʻano IV isothermal hysteresis loops, e hōʻike ana he mesoporous structure48 nā laʻana a pau.ʻO nā UNCO Mesoporous me ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe loa a me ka nui o ka pore nui e manaʻo ʻia e hāʻawi i nā wahi hana he nui no ka redox reactions, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana electrochemical.
Nā hualoaʻa BET no (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, a me (d) FNCO.Hōʻike ka inset i ka puʻunaue nui o ka pore.
Ua loiloi ʻia nā hopena redox electrochemical o nā nanomaterials NCO me nā morphologies like ʻole no ka ʻike glucose me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ana CV.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ʻo 5 i nā pihi CV o nā nanomaterials NCO i 0.1 M NaOH alkaline electrolyte me ka ʻole o ka glucose 5 mM ma kahi helu scan o 50 mVs-1.I ka loaʻa ʻole o ka glucose, ua ʻike ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe redox ma 0.50 a me 0.35 V, e pili ana i ka oxidation e pili ana me M-O (M: Ni2+, Co2+) a me M*-O-OH (M*: Ni3+, Co3+).me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka anion OH.Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana o 5 mM glucose, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka hopena redox ma luna o ka ʻili o nā nanomaterials NCO, ʻo ia paha ma muli o ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ka glucose i ka gluconolactone.Hōʻike ka Kiʻi S10 i nā au redox kiʻekiʻe ma nā helu scan o 5-100 mV s-1 ma 0.1 M NaOH solution.Akaka ka piʻi ʻana o ka redox kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu scan, e hōʻike ana i nā nanomaterials NCO i like ka diffusion controlled electrochemical behavior50,51.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi S11, ua manaʻo ʻia ka ʻāpana electrochemical surface (ECSA) o UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, a me FNCO he 2.15, 1.47, 1.2, a me 1.03 cm2.Hōʻike kēia i ka pono o UNCO no ke kaʻina electrocatalytic, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻike ʻana o ka glucose.
ʻO nā pihi CV o (a) UNCO, (b) PNCO, (c) TNCO, a me (d) FNCO electrodes me ka ʻole o ka glucose a hoʻohui ʻia me 5 mM glucose ma ka helu scan o 50 mVs-1.
Ua noiʻi ʻia ka hana electrochemical o NCO nanomaterials no ka ʻike glucose a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ka Fig. V me ka manawa o 60 s.E like me ka hoike ana ma ka fig.6a–d, NCO nanomaterials hōʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole mai ka 84.72 a i ka 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 me nā coefficients correlation kiʻekiʻe (R2) mai 0.99 a i 0.993.Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōkuhi calibration ma waena o ka glucose a me ka hopena o kēia manawa o nā nanomaterials NCO i ka fig.S12.ʻO nā palena i helu ʻia o ka ʻike (LOD) o nā nanomaterials NCO aia ma ka laulā o 0.0623–0.0783 µM.Wahi a nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua CA, ua hōʻike ʻo UNCO i ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe loa (116.33 μA mM-1 cm-2) ma kahi ākea ākea.Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia e kona ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ke kai, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi ʻano mesoporous me kahi ʻāpana kiko kikoʻī nui e hāʻawi ana i nā wahi ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻano glucose.ʻO ka hana electrochemical o nā nanomaterials NCO i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa S1 e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻike electrochemical glucose o nā nanomaterials NCO i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma kēia haʻawina.
ʻO nā pane CA o UNCO (a), PNCO (b), TNCO (c), a me FNCO (d) electrodes me ka glucose i hoʻohui ʻia i ka 0.1 M NaOH solution ma 0.50 V. Hōʻike nā insets i nā pihi calibration o nā pane o kēia manawa o NCO nanomaterials: (e ) Nā pane KA o UNCO, (f) PNCO, (g) TNCO, a me (h) FNCO me ka hoʻohui stepwise o 1 mM glucose a me 0.1 mM mea hoʻopili (LA, DA, AA, a me UA).
ʻO ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻike glucose he mea nui ʻē aʻe i ke koho ʻana a me ka naʻau o ka glucose ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pūhui.Ma ka fig.Hōʻike ʻo 6e–h i ka hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā nanomaterials NCO ma 0.1 M NaOH solution.Ua koho ʻia a hoʻohui ʻia i ka electrolyte nā molekole hoʻopili maʻamau e like me LA, DA, AA a me UA.ʻIke ʻia ka pane o kēia manawa o nā nanomaterials NCO i ka glucose.Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i loli ka pane o kēia manawa iā UA, DA, AA a me LA, ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia nā nanomaterials NCO i ke koho maikaʻi loa no ka ʻike glucose me ka nānā ʻole i kā lākou ʻokoʻa morphological.Hōʻike ka Figure S13 i ke kūpaʻa o nā nanomaterials NCO i nānā ʻia e ka pane CA ma 0.1 M NaOH, kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka 1 mM glucose i ka electrolyte no ka manawa lōʻihi (80,000 s).ʻO nā pane i kēia manawa o UNCO, PNCO, TNCO, a me FNCO he 98.6%, 97.5%, 98.4%, a me 96.8%, kēlā me kēia, o ke au mua me ka hoʻohui ʻana o kahi glucose 1 mM hou ma hope o 80,000 s.Hōʻike nā mea nano NCO āpau i nā hopena redox paʻa me nā ʻano glucose i kahi manawa lōʻihi.ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa wale ʻia ka hōʻailona UNCO o kēia manawa i ka 97.1% o kāna manawa mua, akā ua paʻa pū i kāna mau morphology a me nā waiwai paʻa kemika ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi (Figures S14 a me S15a).Eia hou, ua ho'āʻoʻia ka reproducibility a me ka reproducibility o UNCO e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma ka Fig. S15b, c.ʻO ka helu Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) o ka reproducibility a me ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana he 2.42% a me 2.14%, kēlā me kēia, e hōʻike ana i nā noi kūpono e like me ka mea ʻike glucose pae ʻenehana.Hōʻike kēia i ka paʻa maikaʻi a me ke kemika o UNCO ma lalo o nā kūlana oxidizing no ka ʻike glucose.
Ua maopopo ka hana electrochemical o NCO nanomaterials no ka ʻike glucose e pili nui ana i nā pono hana o ka pae mua i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ke ʻano hydrothermal me nā additives (Fig. S16).ʻO ka wahi kiʻekiʻe o UNCO ka nui o nā wahi electroactive ma mua o nā nanostructure ʻē aʻe, e kōkua ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hopena redox ma waena o nā mea hana a me nā ʻāpana glucose.Hiki i ke ʻano mesoporous o UNCO ke hōʻike maʻalahi i nā pūnaewele Ni a me Co i ka electrolyte e ʻike ai i ka glucose, e hopena i ka pane electrochemical wikiwiki.Hiki i nā nanowires hoʻokahi-dimensional ma UNCO ke hoʻonui i ka diffusion rate ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ala kaʻa pōkole no nā ion a me nā electrons.Ma muli o nā hiʻohiʻona kūikawā i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana electrochemical o UNCO no ka ʻike glucose ma mua o ka PNCO, TNCO, a me FNCO.Hōʻike kēia i ka morphology UNCO kūikawā me ka ʻili kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o ka pore hiki ke hāʻawi i ka hana electrochemical maikaʻi loa no ka ʻike glucose.
Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka ʻili kikoʻī ma nā hiʻohiʻona electrochemical o nā nanomaterials NCO.ʻO nā nanomaterials NCO me nā ʻāpana kikoʻī like ʻole i loaʻa ma ke ʻano hydrothermal maʻalahi a me nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole.ʻO nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole i ka wā synthesis e komo i loko o nā hopena kemika like ʻole a hana i nā ʻāpana mua like ʻole.Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hui ʻana o nā nanostructures like ʻole me nā morphologies e like me ka hedgehog, pine nila, tremella, a me ka pua.Ma hope o ka hoʻomehana ʻana e alakaʻi i kahi kūlana kemika like o ka crystalline NCO nanomaterials me kahi ʻano spinel ʻoiai e mālama ana i kā lākou morphology kūikawā.Ma muli o ka ʻili o nā morphology ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka hana electrochemical o NCO nanomaterials no ka ʻike glucose.ʻO ka mea nui, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻike glucose o nā nanomaterials NCO me ka morphology urchin moana i 116.33 µA mM-1 cm-2 me kahi coefficient correlation kiʻekiʻe (R2) o 0.99 i ka laina laina o 0.01-6 mM.Hiki i kēia hana ke hāʻawi i kumu ʻepekema no ka ʻenekinia morphological e hoʻoponopono i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī a hoʻomaikaʻi hou i ka hana electrochemical o nā noi biosensor non-enzymatic.
Ni(NO3)2 6H2O, Co(NO3)2 6H2O, urea, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT), ammonium fluoride (NH4F), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), d-(+)-glucose, lactic acid (LA), dopamine hydrochloride ( ʻO DA), L-ascorbic acid (AA) a me ka uric acid (UA) i kūʻai ʻia mai Sigma-Aldrich.ʻO nā reagents a pau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka helu analytical a ua hoʻohana ʻia me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole.
Ua hana ʻia ʻo NiCo2O4 e kahi ʻano hydrothermal maʻalahi a ukali ʻia e ka mālama wela.ʻO ka pōkole: 1 mmol o ka nickel nitrate (Ni(NO3)2∙6H2O) a me 2 mmol o ka cobalt nitrate (Co(NO3)2∙6H2O) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o 30 ml o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe.No ka mālama ʻana i ka morphology o NiCo2O4, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻohui e like me ka urea, ammonium fluoride a me hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) i ka hopena i luna.A laila ua hoʻoili ʻia ka hui holoʻokoʻa i kahi autoclave 50 ml Teflon-lined a kau ʻia i kahi hopena hydrothermal i loko o ka umu convection ma 120 ° C. no 6 mau hola.Ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu maoli ʻana i ka lumi wela, ua centrifuged ʻia ka hopena o ka wai a holoi ʻia me ka wai distilled a me ka ethanol, a laila maloʻo i ka pō ma 60 ° C.Ma hope o kēlā, ua calcined ʻia nā laʻana hou i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma 400 ° C no 4 mau hola ma ka lewa ambient.Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā kikoʻī o nā hoʻokolohua ma ka Papa ʻIke Hou S2.
X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD, X'Pert-Pro MPD; PANalytical) ua hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka radiation Cu-Kα (λ = 0.15418 nm) ma 40 kV a me 30 mA no ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai hoʻolālā o nā nanomaterial NCO āpau.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ma ka laulā o nā kihi 2θ 10-80° me kahi ʻanuʻu o 0.05°.Ua nānā ʻia ka morphology a me ka microstructure me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka microscopy electron emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; Nova SEM 200, FEI) a me ka scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM; TALOS F200X, FEI) me ka ikehu dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).Ua kālailai ʻia nā kūlana valence o ka ʻili e ka X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS; PHI 5000 Versa Probe II, ULVAC PHI) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka radiation Al Kα (hν = 1486.6 eV).Hoʻopili ʻia nā ikaika paʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka C1 s peak ma 284.6 eV ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi.Ma hope o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā laʻana ma nā ʻāpana KBr, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra ma ka helu hawewe 1500-400 cm-1 ma kahi spectrometer Jasco-FTIR-6300.Loaʻa pū ʻia ʻo Raman spectra me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrometer Raman (Horiba Co., Iapana) me kahi laser He-Ne (632.8 nm) ma ke ʻano he kumu hauʻoli.Ua hoʻohana ʻo Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET; BELSORP mini II, MicrotracBEL, Corp.) i ka BELSORP mini II analyzer (MicrotracBEL Corp.) e ana i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms e koho i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī a me ka puʻunaue nui.
ʻO nā ana electrochemical a pau, e like me ka voltammetry cyclic (CV) a me ka chronoamperometry (CA), ua hana ʻia ma kahi PGSTAT302N potentiostat (Metrohm-Autolab) ma ka lumi wela me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana electrode ʻekolu i 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solution.Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi electrode hana i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke aniani kalapona electrode (GC), kahi Ag/AgCl electrode, a me kahi pā platinum i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he electrode hana, electrode kuhikuhi, a me ka electrode counter.Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā CV ma waena o 0 a me 0.6 V ma nā helu scan like ʻole o 5-100 mV s-1.No ke ana ʻana i ka ECSA, ua hana ʻia ʻo CV ma ka laulā o 0.1-0.2 V ma nā helu scan like ʻole (5-100 mV s-1).E kiʻi i ka hopena CA o ka hāpana no ka glucose ma 0.5 V me ka hoʻoulu ʻana.No ke ana ʻana i ka naʻau a me ke koho, e hoʻohana i ka 0.01–6 mM glucose, 0.1 mM LA, DA, AA, a me UA i ka 0.1 M NaOH.Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka reproducibility o UNCO me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻekolu mau electrodes i hoʻohui ʻia me 5 mM glucose ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi loa.Ua nānā ʻia ka hana hou ʻana ma ka hana ʻana i ʻekolu ana me hoʻokahi electrode UNCO i loko o 6 mau hola.
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