Hoʻopuka kahi ʻenehana scanning hou i nā kiʻi me nā kikoʻī nui e hiki ke hoʻololi i ke aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy kanaka.
I ka ʻike ʻana o Paul Taforo i kāna mau kiʻi hoʻokolohua mua o nā poʻe māmā COVID-19, manaʻo ʻo ia ua hāʻule ʻo ia.ʻO kahi paleontologist ma ke aʻo ʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻo Taforo i mau mahina e hana pū me nā hui ma ʻEulopa e hoʻohuli i nā mea hoʻokalakupua i ka French Alps i mau mea hana hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou.
ʻO ia ma ka hopena o Mei 2020, a ua makemake nui nā ʻepekema e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ka hoʻopau ʻana o COVID-19 i nā kino kanaka.Ua kauoha ʻia ʻo Taforo e hoʻomohala i kahi ala e hiki ai ke hoʻohana i nā kukui X-mana kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia e ka European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) ma Grenoble, Farani.Ma ke ʻano he kanaka ʻepekema ESRF, ua hoʻokau ʻo ia i nā palena o nā x-ray kiʻekiʻe o nā mōʻalihaku pōhaku a me nā mummies maloʻo.I kēia manawa ua makaʻu ʻo ia i ka palupalu a paʻa o nā kāwele pepa.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi iā lākou i nā kikoʻī hou aku ma mua o nā CT scan lapaʻau a lākou i ʻike ai ma mua, e ʻae iā lākou e lanakila i nā āpau paʻakikī i ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana o nā ʻepekema a me nā kauka i nā kino kanaka."Ma nā puke anatomy, ke ʻike ʻoe, he ʻano nui, he liʻiliʻi, a he mau kiʻi kiʻi lima maikaʻi lākou no ke kumu hoʻokahi: he mau wehewehe kiʻi no ka mea ʻaʻohe o mākou kiʻi," University College London (UCL). ) i ʻōlelo ai..Wahi a ka mea noiʻi nui ʻo Claire Walsh."No ka manawa mua hiki iā mākou ke hana i ka mea maoli."
ʻO Taforo lāua ʻo Walsh kekahi ʻāpana o ka hui honua ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 mau mea noiʻi nāna i hana i kahi ʻenehana scan X-ray hou i kapa ʻia ʻo Hierarchical Phase Contrast Tomography (HiP-CT).Me ia, hiki iā lākou ke hele hope mai ke kino kanaka piha i kahi ʻike nui o nā kīʻaha koko liʻiliʻi o ke kino a i ʻole nā ​​​​pūnaewele pākahi.
Ke hāʻawi nei kēia ʻano i ka ʻike hou i ka hana ʻana o COVID-19 a hoʻoponopono hou i nā kīʻaha koko i loko o ka māmā.ʻOiai he paʻakikī kona manaʻolana no ka wā lōʻihi no ka mea ʻaʻohe mea e like me HiP-CT i loaʻa ma mua, ʻo ka poʻe noiʻi hauʻoli i kona hiki ke noʻonoʻo nui i nā ala hou e hoʻomaopopo ai i ka maʻi a me ka palapala ʻana i ke anatomi kanaka me kahi palapala topographic ʻoi aku ka pololei.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo UCL cardiologist ʻo Andrew Cooke: "E kahaha paha ka hapa nui o ka poʻe i kā mākou aʻo ʻana i ke anatomy o ka puʻuwai no nā haneli mau makahiki, akā ʻaʻohe manaʻo i ke ʻano maʻamau o ka puʻuwai, ʻoi aku ka puʻuwai ... ke kuʻi ka naʻau.
"Ua kali au i kaʻu hana holoʻokoʻa," wahi āna.
Hoʻomaka ka ʻenehana HiP-CT i ka wā i hoʻokūkū ai ʻelua mau pathologists Kelemania e nānā i nā hopena hoʻopaʻi o ka maʻi SARS-CoV-2 ma ke kino o ke kanaka.
Ua makaʻala nui ʻo Danny Jonigk, he mea maʻi thoracic ma ke Kula Lapaʻau ʻo Hannover, a ʻo Maximilian Ackermann, he mea maʻi maʻi ma ke Kulanui Medical Center Mainz, no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka lono o ka hihia maʻamau o ka maʻi pneumonia i Kina.Ua loaʻa iā lāua ka ʻike i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi māmā a ʻike koke ʻo COVID-19 he mea maʻamau.Ua hopohopo nui nā kāne e pili ana i nā hōʻike o "silent hypoxia" i mālama i ka poʻe maʻi COVID-19 akā ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ko lākou koko oxygen.
Manaʻo ʻo Ackermann lāua ʻo Jonig e hoʻouka ʻo SARS-CoV-2 i nā kīʻaha koko i loko o ka māmā.I ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi i Kelemania i Malaki 2020, ua hoʻomaka nā kāne i nā autopsies i nā mea i loaʻa iā COVID-19.Ua hoʻāʻo koke lākou i kā lākou kuhiakau vascular ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka resin i loko o nā ʻāpana kiko a laila hoʻoheheʻe i ka ʻiʻo i loko o ka waikawa, e waiho ana i kahi kumu hoʻohālike kūpono o ka vasculature kumu.
Ke hoʻohana nei i kēia ʻenehana, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻo Ackermann lāua ʻo Jonigk i nā kiko mai ka poʻe i make ʻole mai COVID-19 i ka poʻe i make.Ua ʻike koke lākou i ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka COVID-19, ua wili a kūkulu hou ʻia nā kīʻaha koko liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ka māmā.ʻO kēia mau hopena ʻāina, i paʻi ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ma Mei 2020, e hōʻike ana ʻo COVID-19 ʻaʻole ia he maʻi hanu, akā he maʻi vascular hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā kino a puni ke kino.
"Inā hele ʻoe i loko o ke kino a hoʻohālikelike i nā kīʻaha koko a pau, loaʻa iā ʻoe he 60,000 a 70,000 mau mile, ʻo ia ka pālua o ka mamao a puni ka equator," wahi a Ackermann, he mea maʻi maʻi mai Wuppertal, Kelemānia..Ua'ōlelo houʻo ia inā he 1 pakeneka wale nō o kēia mau kīʻaha koko i hoʻoukaʻia e ka maʻi, e hoʻopilikiaʻia ke kahe o ke koko a me ka hiki ke komo i ka oxygen, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hopena pōʻino no ke kino holoʻokoʻa.
I ka manawa i ʻike ai ʻo Jonigk lāua ʻo Ackermann i ka hopena o COVID-19 i nā kīʻaha koko, ua ʻike lākou he pono lākou e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka pōʻino.
Hiki i nā x-ray lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka CT scans, ke hāʻawi i nā manaʻo o nā kino holoʻokoʻa, akā ʻaʻole i lawa ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe.Hiki i kahi biopsy ke nānā i nā ʻepekema i nā ʻāpana kiko ma lalo o kahi microscope, akā ʻo nā kiʻi hopena e hōʻike wale ana i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ke kino holoʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike i ka ulu ʻana o COVID-19 i loko o ka māmā.A ʻo ka ʻenehana resin i hoʻomohala ʻia e ka hui e pono ai ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻiʻo, kahi e hoʻopau ai i ka hāpana a kaupalena i ka noiʻi hou aku.
"I ka hopena o ka lā, loaʻa ka oxygen a me ka carbon dioxide i waho, akā no ia mea, he mau kaukani mau mile o nā kīʻaha koko a me nā capillaries, ʻokiʻoki loa ... ua aneane he hana mana," wahi a Jonigk, ka mea hoʻokumu. ka mea noiʻi nui ma ka German Lung Research Center."No laila pehea mākou e loiloi maoli ai i kahi mea paʻakikī e like me COVID-19 me ka ʻole o ka luku ʻana i nā kino?"
Pono ʻo Jonigk lāua ʻo Ackermann i kahi mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia: kahi ʻano o nā x-ray o ka mea hoʻokahi e hiki ai i nā mea noiʻi ke hoʻonui i nā ʻāpana o ke kino i ka pae kelepona.I Malaki 2020, ua hoʻopili ka duo Kelemania i kā lākou hoa hana lōʻihi ʻo Peter Lee, he mea ʻepekema waiwai a me ka noho o nā ʻenehana hou ma UCL.ʻO ko Lee koʻikoʻi ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea olaola e hoʻohana ana i nā kukui X mana, no laila ua huli koke kona mau manaʻo i nā Alps Farani.
Aia ka European Synchrotron Radiation Center ma kahi ʻāpana ʻekolu o ka ʻāina ma ka ʻaoʻao komohana komohana o Grenoble, kahi e hui ai nā muliwai ʻelua.ʻO ka mea he mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻāpana e hoʻouna i nā electrons ma nā ʻōpuni pōʻai he hapalua mile ka lōʻihi ma kahi kokoke i ka māmā o ka māmā.I ka wili ʻana o kēia mau electrons i loko o nā pōʻai, ua hoʻoneʻe nā mea mana i ka orbit i ke kahawai o nā ʻāpana, e hoʻoiho i nā electron i kekahi o nā kukui X ʻoi loa o ka honua.
ʻO kēia radiation ikaika e hiki ai i ka ESRF ke kiu i nā mea ma ka micrometer a i ʻole nanometer scale.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e aʻo i nā mea e like me nā alloys a me nā composites, e aʻo i ke ʻano molekala o nā protein, a hiki i ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā mōʻalihaku kahiko me ka ʻole e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pōhaku mai ka iwi.Ua makemake ʻo Ackermann, Jonigk lāua ʻo Lee e hoʻohana i ka mea kani nunui e lawe i nā x-ray kikoʻī loa o ka honua o nā kino kanaka.
E hoʻokomo iā Taforo, nona kāna hana ma ESRF i hoʻokuke i nā palena o ka mea hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka synchrotron scanning.ʻO kāna ʻano hana hoʻopunipuni i ʻae mua i ka poʻe ʻepekema e nānā i loko o nā hua dinosaur a kokoke e ʻoki i nā mummies, a kokoke koke ʻo Taforo i hōʻoia e hiki i nā synchrotrons ke nānā pono i nā lobes māmā holoʻokoʻa.Akā ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he paʻakikī nui ka nānā ʻana i nā kino kanaka holoʻokoʻa.
Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, aia ka pilikia o ka hoʻohālikelike.Hoʻokumu nā x-ray maʻamau i nā kiʻi e pili ana i ka nui o ka radiation e komo i nā mea like ʻole, me nā mea ʻoi aku ke kaumaha ma mua o nā mea māmā.Hana ʻia nā ʻiʻo palupalu i nā mea māmā—carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, etc—no laila ʻaʻole lākou e ʻike maopopo ʻia ma kahi x-ray lapaʻau maʻamau.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui e pili ana i ka ESRF, ʻo ia ka hui pū ʻana o kāna kukuna X-ray: hele ka māmā i nā nalu, a ma ke ʻano o ESRF, hoʻomaka kāna mau kukui X a pau i ka alapine like a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana, e oscillating mau, e like me nā kapuaʻi i waiho ʻia. na Reik ma o ka māla zen.Akā, i ka hele ʻana o kēia mau kukuna X i ka mea, hiki i nā ʻokoʻa maʻalahi o ka mānoanoa ke hoʻohuli iki i kēlā me kēia X-ray mai ke ala, a maʻalahi ka ʻike ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kukui X mai kahi mea.Hiki i kēia mau ʻokoʻa ke hōʻike i nā ʻokoʻa haʻahaʻa maʻalahi i loko o kahi mea, ʻoiai inā i hana ʻia me nā mea māmā.
Akā ʻo ke kūpaʻa kekahi pilikia.No ka lawe ʻana i kahi ʻano o nā x-ray i hoʻonui ʻia, pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kino i kona ʻano kūlohelohe i ʻole ia e kūlou a neʻe paha ma mua o hoʻokahi tausani o ka millimeter.Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole e kūlike nā x-ray o ka mea hoʻokahi.ʻAʻole pono e ʻōlelo, akā, hiki ke maʻalahi ke kino.
Ua manaʻo ʻo Lee a me kāna hui ma UCL e hoʻolālā i nā ipu i hiki ke kū i ka synchrotron X-ray oiai e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā nalu he nui.Ua lawelawe pū ʻo Lee i ka hoʻonohonoho holoʻokoʻa o ka papahana-no ka laʻana, nā kikoʻī o ka lawe ʻana i nā kino kanaka ma waena o Kelemania a me Farani-a hoʻolimalima iā Walsh, ka mea loea i ka ʻikepili nui biomedical, e kōkua i ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i nā scans.Ma hope o Farani, ua komo ka hana a Taforo i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana scanning a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka okana i loko o ka ipu a kā Lee hui e kūkulu nei.
Ua ʻike ʻo Tafforo i mea e pohō ʻole ai nā kino, a e ʻike maopopo ʻia nā kiʻi e like me ka hiki, pono e hana ʻia me nā ʻāpana he nui o ka ethanol wai.Ua ʻike pū ʻo ia he pono ʻo ia e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻōkana ma luna o kahi mea i kūlike pono i ka mānoanoa o ke kino.ʻO kāna manaʻo, ʻo ia ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā kino i loko o ka ethanol-rich agar, kahi mea like me ka jelly i unuhi ʻia mai ka limu.
Eia naʻe, aia ka diabolo i nā kikoʻī - e like me ka hapa nui o ʻEulopa, ua paʻa ʻo Taforo i ka home a paʻa.No laila, ua hoʻoneʻe ʻo Taforo i kāna noiʻi i loko o kahi keʻena hana home: Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i mau makahiki i ka hoʻonani ʻana i kahi kīhini waena waena me nā mea paʻi 3D, nā lako kemika kumu a me nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā iwi holoholona no ka noiʻi anatomical.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Taforo i nā huahana mai ka hale kūʻai kūloko e noʻonoʻo ai pehea e hana ai i ka agar.ʻOhi ʻo ia i ka wai ʻino mai kahi hale āna i hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou ai no ka hana ʻana i ka wai demineralized, kahi mea hoʻohui maʻamau i nā formula agar-grade.No ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā kino i loko o ka agar, lawe ʻo ia i nā ʻōpū puaʻa mai kahi hale pepehi kanaka.
Ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ʻo Taforo e hoʻi i ka ESRF i ka waena o Mei no ka hoʻāʻo mua ʻana i ka māmā o nā puaʻa.Mai Mei a Iune, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo ia a nānā i ka lobe māmā hema o kahi kanaka 54 ona makahiki i make i ka COVID-19, a Ackermann lāua ʻo Jonig i lawe mai Kelemania a Grenoble.
"I koʻu ʻike ʻana i ke kiʻi mua, aia kahi leka hoʻopiʻi i kaʻu leka uila i nā mea a pau e pili ana i ka papahana: ua hāʻule mākou a ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke kiʻi i kahi scan kiʻekiʻe," wahi āna."Ua hoʻouna aku au iā lākou i ʻelua mau kiʻi weliweli iaʻu akā maikaʻi no lākou."
No Lee o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Los Angeles, he mea kupanaha nā kiʻi: ua like nā kiʻi o ke kino holoʻokoʻa me nā scan CT lapaʻau maʻamau, akā "he miliona mau manawa ʻoi aku ka ʻike."Me he mea lā e aʻo ana ka mea mākaʻikaʻi i ka ululāʻau i kona ola a pau, e lele ana paha ma luna o ka ululāʻau ma ka mokulele mokulele nunui, a i ʻole e hele ana ma ke ala.I kēia manawa, lele lākou ma luna o ka uhi e like me nā manu ma nā ʻēheu.
Ua hoʻopuka ka hui i kā lākou wehewehe piha piha ʻana i ka hoʻokokoke ʻo HiP-CT i Nowemapa 2021, a ua hoʻokuʻu pū nā mea noiʻi i nā kikoʻī e pili ana i ka hopena o COVID-19 i kekahi mau ʻano o ke kahe i loko o ka māmā.
Ua loaʻa i ka scan kekahi pōmaikaʻi i manaʻo ʻole ʻia: ua kōkua i ka poʻe noiʻi e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā hoaaloha a me nā ʻohana e loaʻa i ke kano.I nā hihia koʻikoʻi o COVID-19, ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā kīʻaha koko i loko o ka māmā a pehu, a i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā pūpū koko liʻiliʻi.
"Ke nānā nei ʻoe i ke ʻano o ka māmā mai kahi kanaka i make mai COVID, ʻaʻole like ia me ka māmā - he ʻino," wahi a Tafolo.
Ua hoʻohui ʻo ia, ʻoiai i loko o nā kino olakino, ua hōʻike nā scans i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical maʻalahi ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka mea ʻaʻohe kino kanaka i nānā ʻia i kēlā kikoʻī.Me ka ʻoi aku o $1 miliona ma ke kālā mai ka Chan Zuckerberg Initiative (he hui waiwai ʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia e Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg a me ka wahine a Zuckerberg, ke kauka Priscilla Chan), ke hana nei ka hui HiP-CT i ka mea i kapa ʻia he atlas o nā kino kanaka.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokuʻu ka hui i nā scans o ʻelima mau kino - ka puʻuwai, ka lolo, nā puʻupaʻa, nā māmā, a me ka spleen - e pili ana i nā ʻāpana i hāʻawi ʻia e Ackermann a me Jonigk i kā lākou COVID-19 autopsy ma Kelemania a me ke kino "control" LADAF.Keʻena hoʻokolohua Anatomical o Grenoble.Ua hana ka hui i ka ʻikepili, a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lele, ma muli o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa manuahi ma ka Pūnaewele.Ke hoʻonui wikiwiki nei ka Atlas of Human Organs: ua nānā ʻia he 30 mau kino, a aia kekahi 80 ma nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻomākaukau.Ma kahi kokoke i 40 mau hui noiʻi like ʻole i hoʻopili i ka hui e aʻo hou e pili ana i ke ala, wahi a Li.
ʻIke ʻo Cook cardiologist ʻo UCL i ka mana nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana iā HiP-CT e hoʻomaopopo i ke anatomy kumu.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo UCL radiologist ʻo Joe Jacob, ka mea loea i ka maʻi māmā, ʻo HiP-CT he "mea waiwai nui no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka maʻi," ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hale ʻekolu-dimensional e like me nā kīʻaha koko.
ʻO nā mea pena kiʻi i komo i ka hakakā.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Barney Steele o Lākana, ʻo Marshmallow Laser Feast, ke noiʻi ikaika nei ʻo ia i ka hiki ke ʻimi ʻia ka ʻikepili HiP-CT i loko o ka ʻike maoli maoli."ʻO ka mea nui, ke hana nei mākou i kahi huakaʻi ma ke kino o ke kanaka," wahi āna.
Akā ʻoiai nā ʻōlelo hoʻohiki a pau o HiP-CT, aia nā pilikia koʻikoʻi.ʻO ka mea mua, wahi a Walsh, kahi hiP-CT scan e hoʻopuka i kahi "nui o ka ʻikepili," maʻalahi i kahi terabyte no kēlā me kēia okana.No kaʻaeʻana i nā kauka lapaʻau e hoʻohana i kēia mau scans i ka honua maoli, manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e hoʻomohala i kahi kikowaena kapua no ka hoʻokeleʻana iā lākou, e like me Google Maps no ke kino kanaka.
Pono lākou e maʻalahi i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā scans i nā hiʻohiʻona 3D hiki ke hana.E like me nā ʻano CT scan āpau, hana ʻo HiP-CT ma ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻāpana 2D he nui o kahi mea i hāʻawi ʻia a hoʻopaʻa pū iā lākou.ʻOiai i kēia mau lā, hana ʻia ka hapa nui o kēia kaʻina hana me ka lima, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻiʻo ʻino a maʻi paha.Wahi a Lee lāua ʻo Walsh, ʻo ka mea nui o ka hui HiP-CT ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano aʻo mīkini e hiki ke maʻalahi i kēia hana.
E hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau paʻakikī i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka atlas o nā kino kanaka a lilo nā mea noiʻi i mea makemake nui.Ke hoʻohana nei ka hui HiP-CT i ka mea hou loa ESRF beam, i kapa ʻia ʻo BM18, e hoʻomau i ka nānā ʻana i nā kino o ka papahana.Hoʻopuka ka BM18 i kahi kukuna X-ray nui aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka manawa o ka nānā ʻana, a hiki ke kau ʻia ka mea ʻike X-ray BM18 a hiki i 125 kapuaʻi (38 mau mika) ka mamao mai ka mea e nānā ʻia ana, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi.Ua maikaʻi loa nā hopena BM18, wahi a Taforo, nāna i nānā hou i kekahi o nā kumu hoʻohālike Human Organ Atlas ma ka ʻōnaehana hou.
Hiki i ka BM18 ke nānā i nā mea nui loa.Me ka hale hou, hoʻolālā ka hui e nānā i ke kino holoʻokoʻa o ke kino kanaka i hoʻokahi hāʻule i ka hopena o 2023.
Ke ʻimi nei i ka mana nui o ka ʻenehana, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Taforo, "Aia mākou i ka hoʻomaka."
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