Mahalo no kou kipa ʻana iā Nature.com.Ke hoʻohana nei ʻoe i kahi polokalamu kele pūnaewele me ke kākoʻo CSS palena ʻole.No ka ʻike maikaʻi loa, manaʻo mākou e hoʻohana i kahi polokalamu kele pūnaewele hou (a i ʻole e hoʻopau i ke ʻano Compatibility Mode ma Internet Explorer).Eia kekahi, e hōʻoia i ke kākoʻo mau, hōʻike mākou i ka pūnaewele me ka ʻole o nā styles a me JavaScript.
ʻO nā slider e hōʻike ana i ʻekolu ʻatikala ma kēlā me kēia paheʻe.E hoʻohana i nā pihi hope a i hope no ka neʻe ʻana i nā paheʻe, a i ʻole nā ​​pihi hoʻokele paheʻe ma ka hopena e neʻe i kēlā me kēia paheʻe.
Ua hōʻike ʻia i kēia manawa hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ultrasound ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohua ʻana o ka ʻiʻo i loko o ka ultrasound-enhanced fine needle aspiration biopsy (USeFNAB) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka biopsy aspiration aspiration maʻamau (FNAB).ʻAʻole i noiʻi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka geometry bevel a me ka hana o ka piko.Ma kēia noiʻi ʻana, ua noiʻi mākou i nā waiwai o ka resonance o ka nila a me ka amplitude deflection no nā geometries bevel needle me nā lōʻihi bevel like ʻole.Ke hoʻohana nei i kahi lancet maʻamau me kahi ʻoki 3.9 mm, ʻo ka helu deflection power factor (DPR) he 220 a me 105 µm/W i ka ea a me ka wai.ʻOi aku kēia ma mua o ka axisymmetric 4mm bevel tip, i loaʻa i kahi DPR o 180 a me 80 µm/W i ka ea a me ka wai, kēlā me kēia.Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i ke koʻikoʻi o ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻoʻoleʻa kulou o ka geometry bevel i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o nā mea kōkua hoʻokomo like ʻole, a no laila hiki ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike i nā ʻano no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hana ʻoki ʻana ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka geometry bevel needle, he mea nui ia no USeFNAB.Pili nā noi.
ʻO ka biopsy aspiration needle maikaʻi (FNAB) kahi ʻano hana e hoʻohana ʻia ai ka nila e kiʻi i kahi laʻana o ka ʻiʻo i ka wā i manaʻo ʻia kahi mea ʻino1,2,3.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻano Franseen e hāʻawi i ka hana diagnostic kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo Lancet4 a me Menghini5.Ua manaʻo ʻia nā bevels Axisymmetric (ʻo ia hoʻi ka circumferential) e hoʻonui i ka hiki ke loaʻa kahi hōʻailona kūpono no ka histopathology6.
I ka wā o ka biopsy, hele ʻia ka nila ma nā ʻili o ka ʻili a me ka ʻiʻo e hōʻike ai i nā maʻi ʻano kānalua.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hou e hiki ai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana ultrasonic ke hōʻemi i ka ikaika puncture e pono ai ke komo i nā ʻiʻo palupalu7,8,9,10.Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pili ʻana o ka needle bevel geometry i nā ikaika pili o ke kui, no ka laʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia nā bevel lōʻihi e loaʻa nā ikaika komo haʻahaʻa 11 .Ua manaʻo ʻia ma hope o ke komo ʻana o ka nila ma ka ʻili o ka ʻiʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana, ʻo ka ikaika o ka ʻoki ʻana o ka nila he 75% o ka nui o ka ikaika o ka launa pū ʻana o ka nila.Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Ultrasound (US) i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka biopsy ʻiʻo palupalu maʻi ma ka pae post-puncture13.Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o ka biopsy iwi no ka laʻana o ka ʻiʻo paʻakikī14,15 akā ʻaʻohe hopena i hōʻike ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi biopsy.Ua ʻike pū kekahi mau haʻawina i ka piʻi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ultrasound drive voltage16,17,18.ʻOiai he nui nā haʻawina o nā axial (longitudinal) static forces i nā hui nila-tissue19,20, nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka dynamics kino a me ka geometry bevel needle i ka ultrasonic i hoʻonui ʻia FNAB (USeFNAB).
ʻO ka pahuhopu o kēia noiʻi ʻana, ʻo ia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hopena o nā geometries bevel ʻokoʻa i ka hana o ka piko o ka nila i alakaʻi ʻia e ka flexion kui ma nā alapine kani ultrasonic.Ma keʻano kūikawā, ua noiʻi mākou i ka hopena o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka nila ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana no nā bevels maʻamau (eg, lancets), axisymmetric a me asymmetric single bevel geometries (Fig. komo a i ʻole ka nuclei ʻiʻo palupalu.
Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano geometries bevel i loko o kēia haʻawina.(a) ʻO nā Lancets e like me ka ISO 7864:201636 kahi \(\alpha\) ka huina bevel mua, \(\theta\) ka huina hoololi bevel lua, a o ka \(\phi\) ka huina huinahalike lua ma. degere , ma degere (\(^\circ\)).(b) linear asymmetrical single step chamfers (i kapa ʻia "standard" ma DIN 13097:201937) a me (c) linear axisymmetric (circumferential) single step chamfers.
ʻO kā mākou ala e hoʻohālike mua i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka lōʻihi nalu piʻi ma ka pali no ka lancet maʻamau, axisymmetric, a me ka asymmetric one-stage slope geometries.A laila, helu mākou i kahi haʻawina parametric e nānā i ka hopena o ka huina bevel a me ka lōʻihi o ka paipu i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mīkini lawe.Hana ʻia kēia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lōʻihi maikaʻi loa no ka hana ʻana i kahi nila prototype.Ma muli o ka simulation, ua hana ʻia nā prototypes nila a me kā lākou ʻano resonant i ka ea, ka wai, a me 10% (w/v) ballistic gelatin i hoʻokolohua ʻia ma ke ana ʻana i ka coefficient noʻonoʻo voli a me ka helu ʻana i ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana, kahi i loaʻa ai ke alapine hana. hooholoia..ʻO ka hope loa, hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe e ana pololei i ka deflection o ka nalu kulou ma ka piko o ka nila i ka ea a me ka wai, a no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka mana uila i hoʻouna ʻia e kēlā me kēia hiʻohiʻona a me ka deflection power factor (DPR) geometry o ka injected. waena.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Figure 2a, e hoʻohana i ka paipu No. 21 (0.80 mm OD, 0.49 mm ID, 0.155 mm ka mānoanoa o ka pā paipu, ka paia maʻamau e like me ka ISO 9626: 201621) i hana ʻia me 316 stainless steel ( Young's modulus 205).\(\text {GN/m}^{2}\), mānoanoa 8070 kg/m\(^{3}\), ratio o Poisson 0.275).
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lōʻihi nalu a me ke kani ʻana o ke kumu hoʻohālike finite element (FEM) o ka nila a me nā kūlana palena.(a) Ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka lōʻihi bevel (BL) a me ka lōʻihi o ka paipu (TL).(b) ʻEkolu-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FEM) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika kiko harmonic \(\tilde{F}_y\vec{j}\) no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka nila ma ka hope kokoke, pale i ke kiko, a ana i ka wikiwiki. no kēlā me kēia piko (\( \tilde{u}_y\vec {j}\), \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\)) e helu i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mīkini.Ua wehewehe ʻia ka \(\lambda _y\) ma ke ʻano he nalu nalu e pili ana me ka ikaika kū pololei \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\).(c) E hoʻoholo i ke kikowaena o ka ʻumekaumaha, ka ʻāpana keʻa A, a me nā manawa o ka inertia \(I_{xx}\) a me \(I_{yy}\) a puni ke koʻi-x a me ke axis-y.
E like me ka hoike ana ma ka fig.2b,c, no ka kukuna pau ole (palena ole) me ka apana kea A a ma ka hawewe nui i hoohalikeia me ka nui o ka pauku kea o ke kuola, ke kulou ana (a i ole e kulou ana) ka wiki \(c_{EI}\ ) ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo 22:
ma kahi o E ka modulus o Young (\(\text {N/m}^{2}\)), \(\omega _0 = 2\pi f_0\) ke alapine angular angular (rad/s), kahi \( f_0 \ ) ka laina laina (1/s a i ʻole Hz), ʻo I ka manawa o ka inertia o ka ʻāpana a puni ke axis o ka hoihoi \((\text {m}^{4})\) a me \(m'=\ ʻO ka rho _0 A \) ka nuipa o ka lōʻihi (kg/m), kahi \(\rho _0\) ka mānoanoa \((\text {kg/m}^{3})\) a ʻo A ke keʻa. -ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka lāʻau (xy plane) (\ (\text {m}^{2}\)).No ka mea, i ko makou hihia, ua like ka ikaika i hoohanaia me ka axis kupaa, ie \(\tilde{F}_y\vec {j}\), makemake wale makou i ka manawa o ka inertia o ka wahi a puni ka x- axis, ie \(I_{xx} \), No laila:
No ke kŘkohu mea hope (FEM), ua mana'o 'ia ka ne'e 'ana o ka harmonic ma'ema'e (m), no laila ua hō'ike 'ia ka holo wikiwiki (\(\text {m/s}^{2}\)) me he \(\partial ^2 \vec { u}/ \ hapa t^2 = -\omega ^2\vec {u}\), laʻa me \(\vec {u}(x, y, z, t) := u_x\vec {i} + u_y \vec {j }+ u_z\vec {k}\) he neʻe hoʻoneʻe ʻekolu-dimensional i wehewehe ʻia i loko o nā kaha kikoʻī.ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hope me ke ʻano Lagrangian hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia o ke kānāwai kaulike momentum23, e like me kona hoʻokō ʻana i ka pūʻolo polokalamu COMSOL Multiphysics (nā mana 5.4-5.5, COMSOL Inc., Massachusetts, USA), hāʻawi:
Aia \(\vec {\nabla}:= \frac{\partial}}{\partial x}\vec {i} + \frac{\partial}}{\partial y}\vec {j} + \frac{ ʻO ka ʻāpana }{\partial z}\vec {k}\) ka mea hoʻohana hoʻokaʻawale tensor, a ʻo \({\underline{\sigma}}\) ka lua o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi Piola-Kirchhoff (papa ʻelua, \(\ kikokikona. { N /m}^{2}\)), a me \(\vec {F_V}:= F_{V_x}\vec {i}+ F_{V_y}\vec {j}+ F_{V_z}\vec { k} \) ʻo ia ka vector o ka ikaika kino (\(\text {N/m}^{3}\)) o kēlā me kēia leo deformable, a ʻo \(e^{j\phi }\) ka māhele o ka ikaika kino, loaʻa kahi kihi ʻāpana \(\ phi\) (rad).I kā mākou hihia, ʻaʻole ka ikaika o ke kino, a ke manaʻo nei kā mākou kumu hoʻohālike i ka linearity geometric a me nā deformations elastic maʻemaʻe liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi \({\underline{\varepsilon}}^{el} = {\underline{\varepsilon}}\ ), kahi \({\underline{\varepsilon}}^{el}\) a me \({\underline{\varepsilon}}\) – elastic deformation a me ka huina deformation (dimensionless of the second order), pakahi.Loaʻa ʻia ka tensor isotropic elasticity constitutive o Hooke \(\underline {\underline {C))\) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka modulus Young's E(\(\text{N/m}^{2}\)) a ua wehewehe ʻia ka ratio o Poisson v, no laila \ (\underline{\underline{C}}:=\underline{\underline{C}}(E,v)\) (papa ʻehā).No laila, lilo ka helu kaumaha i \({\underline{\sigma}} := \underline{\underline{C}}:{\underline{\varepsilon}}\).
Hana ʻia nā helu ʻana me 10-node tetrahedral element me ka nui element \(\le\) 8 µm.Hoʻohālike ʻia ka nila i loko o ka ʻūhā, a ua wehewehe ʻia ka waiwai hoʻololi mechanical mobility (ms-1 H-1) ʻo \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|= |\tilde{v}_y\vec { j} |/|\ tilde{F}_y\vec {j}|\)24, kahi \(\tilde{v}_y\vec {j}\) ka wikiwiki paʻakikī puka o ka mea lima, a me \( \tilde{ F} _y\vec {j }\) he ikaika hoʻokele paʻakikī aia ma ka hope kokoke o ka paipu, e like me ia i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 2b.Hōʻike ʻia ka neʻe mechanical transmissive ma nā decibels (dB) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi, ʻo ia hoʻi \(20\log _{10} (|\tilde{Y}|/ |\tilde{Y}_{max}| )\ ), Ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina FEM āpau ma ke alapine o 29.75 kHz.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā o ka nila (Fig. 3) he 21 gauge hypodermic needle maʻamau (helu helu: 4665643, Sterican\(^\circledR\), me ke anawaena o waho o 0.8 mm, he 120 mm ka lōʻihi, i hana ʻia me AISI chromium-nickel stainless steel 304., B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany) i hoʻokomo i ka lima Luer Lock plastic i hana ʻia me ka polypropylene proximal me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka piko.Hoʻopili ʻia ka paipu nila i ke alakaʻi nalu e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke kiʻi 3b.Ua paʻi ʻia ke alakaʻi nalu ma ka mīkini paʻi 3D kila (EOS Stainless Steel 316L ma ka mīkini paʻi EOS M 290 3D, 3D Formtech Oy, Jyväskylä, Finland) a laila hoʻopili ʻia i ka sensor Langevin me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā bolts M4.ʻO ka transducer Langevin he 8 mau mea kani piezoelectric me ʻelua mau kaupaona ma kēlā me kēia hopena.
ʻO nā ʻano ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ʻehā (kiʻi ʻia), kahi lancet hiki ke kūʻai ʻia (L), a me ʻekolu mau bevel axisymmetric hoʻokahi pae (AX1-3) i hana ʻia e nā lōʻihi bevel (BL) o 4, 1.2, a me 0.5 mm.(a) Ma kahi kokoke i ka piko o ka nila.(b) Nānā kiʻekiʻe o nā pine ʻehā i kūʻai ʻia i kahi alakaʻi nalu paʻi 3D a laila hoʻopili ʻia i ka sensor Langevin me nā bolts M4.
ʻEkolu axisymmetric bevel tips (Fig. 3) (TAs Machine Tools Oy) i hana ʻia me nā lōʻihi bevel (BL, i hoʻoholo ʻia ma Fig. 2a) o 4.0, 1.2 a me 0.5 mm, e pili ana i \(\approx\) 2\ (^\ pōʻai\), 7\(^\circ\) a me 18\(^\circ\).He 3.4 ± 0.017 g (mean ± SD, n = 4) ke alakai nalu a me ka stylus no ka bevel L a me AX1–3 (Quntix\(^\circledR\) 224 Design 2, Sartorius AG, Göttingen, Germany).ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi mai ka piko o ka nila a hiki i ka hope o ka lima ʻili he 13.7, 13.3, 13.3, 13.3 knm no ka bevel L a me AX1-3 ma ke Kiʻi 3b.
No nā hoʻonohonoho nila a pau, ʻo ka lōʻihi mai ka piko o ka nila a i ka piko o ke alakaʻi nalu (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka wahi kūʻai) he 4.3 knm, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia ka paipu nila i huli pono ka bevel i luna (ʻo ia hoʻi, e like me ke koʻi Y. ).), e like me (Fig. 2).
Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi palapala maʻamau ma MATLAB (R2019a, The MathWorks Inc., Massachusetts, USA) e holo ana ma ke kamepiula (Latitude 7490, Dell Inc., Texas, USA) no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka laina sinusoidal sweep mai 25 a 35 kHz i 7 kekona, hoʻololi ʻia i hōʻailona analog e kahi mea hoʻololi kikohoʻe-i-analog (DA) (Analog Discovery 2, Digilent Inc., Washington, USA).A laila ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hōʻailona analog \(V_0\) (0.5 Vp-p) me kahi mea hoʻolale lekiō i hoʻolaʻa ʻia (RF) (Mariachi Oy, Turku, Finland).ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka volta amplifying \({V_I}\) ka mea i hoʻopuka ʻia mai ka RF amplifier me kahi impedance pukana o 50 \(Omega\) i kahi transformer i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ka hoʻolālā nila me kahi impedance komo o 50 \(\ Omega)\) Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Langevin transducer (mua a me hope multilayer piezoelectric transducers, hoʻouka ʻia me ka nuipa) e hana i nā nalu mechanical.Hoʻolako ʻia ka mea hoʻonui RF maʻamau me kahi mika mana kaha hawewe kū ʻelua (SWR) hiki ke ʻike i ka hanana \({V_I}\) a hōʻike ʻia ka volta amplified \(V_R\) ma o kahi 300 kHz analog-to-digital (AD. ) mea hoʻololi (Analog Discovery 2).Hoʻololi ʻia ka hōʻailona hōʻeuʻeu i ka hoʻomaka a ma ka hopena e pale i ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka hoʻokomo amplifier me nā transients.
Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi palapala maʻamau i hoʻokō ʻia ma MATLAB, ka hana pane alapine (AFC), ʻo ia hoʻi ke manaʻo nei i kahi ʻōnaehana laina laina.Eia kekahi, e hoʻopili i kahi kānana band pass 20 a 40 kHz e wehe i nā alapine makemake ʻole mai ka hōʻailona.E pili ana i ka manaʻo laina hoʻouna, \(\ tilde{H}(f)\) i kēia hihia, ua like ia me ka helu hoʻohālike uila, ʻo ia hoʻi \(\rho _{V} \equiv {V_R}/{V_I} \)26 .No ka mea, ua pili ka impedance pukana o ka amplifier \(Z_0\) i ka impedance hookomo o ka transformer i kukuluia o ka mea hoololi, a ua hoemiia ka heluna noonoo o ka mana uila \({P_R}/{P_I}\) i \ ({V_R }^ 2/{V_I}^2\ ), a laila ʻo \(|\rho _{V}|^2\).Inā makemake ʻia ka waiwai paʻa o ka mana uila, e helu i ka hanana \(P_I\) a i hōʻike ʻia ka mana (P_R\) (W) ma ka lawe ʻana i ke kumu mean square (rms) waiwai o ka volta pili, no ka laʻana, no kahi laina hoʻouna me ka hoʻoulu sinusoidal, \(P = {V}^2/(2Z_0)\)26, kahi o \(Z_0\) i like me 50 \(\Omega\).Hiki ke helu ʻia ka mana uila i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ukana \(P_T\) (ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia) ma ke ʻano he \(|P_I – P_R |\) (W RMS) a hiki ke wehewehe a hōʻike ʻia ka mana hoʻololi mana (PTE) ma ke ʻano he hāʻawi ka pākēneka (%) i 27:
Hoʻohana ʻia ka pane alapine no ka koho ʻana i nā alapine modal \(f_{1-3}\) (kHz) o ka hoʻolālā stylus a me ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana, \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3} \ ).FWHM (\(\text {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\), Hz) ua koho pololei ia mai \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\), mai ka Papa 1 nā alapine \(f_{1-3}\) i wehewehe ʻia ma .
He ala no ke ana ʻana i ka pane alapine (AFC) o kahi ʻano acicular.Hoʻohana ʻia ke ana ʻelua-kanal swept-sine25,38 no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hana pane alapine \(\ tilde{H}(f)\) a me kāna pane hoʻoikaika H(t).\({\mathcal {F}}\) a me \({\mathcal {F}}^{-1}\) e kuhikuhi ana i ka hoololi Fourier i okiia a me ka hana hoololi hoohuli.\(\tilde{G}(f)\) 'o ia ho'i, ua ho'onui 'ia nā hō'ailona 'elua ma ke kā'ei kapu alapine (frequency domain). )\) a me ka hōʻailona hāʻule uila \(\tilde{X}(f)\).
E like me ka hoike ana ma ka fig.5, pahupaʻiwikiō kiʻekiʻe (Phantom V1612, Vision Research Inc., New Jersey, USA) i lako me ka lens macro (MP-E 65mm, \(f)/2.8, 1-5 \ (\times\), Canon Inc ., Tokyo, Iapana) ua hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka piko o ka nila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (hoʻokahi alapine, sinusoid mau) ma ke alapine o 27.5-30 kHz.No ka hana ʻana i ka palapala ʻāina malu, ua waiho ʻia kahi mea hoʻoluʻu o kahi LED keʻokeʻo kiʻekiʻe (helu hapa: 4052899910881, White Led, 3000 K, 4150 lm, Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, Kelemānia) ma hope o ka bevel o ka nila.
Nānā mua o ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻokolohua.Ana ʻia ka hohonu mai ka ʻili media.Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano o ka nila a kau ʻia ma luna o kahi pākaukau hoʻoili kaʻa.E hoʻohana i ka pahupaʻikiʻi kiʻekiʻe me ka lens hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe (5\(\times\)) e ana i ka pale ʻana o ka piko beveled.Aia nā ana a pau i nā millimeters.
No kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka nila bevel, ua hoʻopaʻa mākou i 300 mau kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe o 128 \(\x\) 128 pixels, kēlā me kēia me ka hoʻonā spatial o 1/180 mm (\(\approx) 5 µm), me ka hoʻonā manawa. o 310,000 papa i kekona.E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6, ua ʻoki ʻia kēlā me kēia kiʻi (1) (2) no laila aia ka piko ma ka laina hope (lalo) o ke kiʻi, a laila helu ʻia ka histogram o ke kiʻi (3), no laila hiki i Canny nā paepae 1 a 2 hiki ke hoʻoholo.A laila e hoʻopili i ka ʻike ʻaoʻao Canny28(4) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka mea hoʻohana Sobel 3 \(\times\) 3 a helu i ke kūlana pika o ka hypotenuse non-cavitational (i kapa ʻia \(\mathbf {\times }\)) no nā ʻanuʻu 300-fold. .No ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻololi ʻana ma ka hopena, ua helu ʻia ka derivative (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka algorithm ʻokoʻa waena) (6) a ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi i loko o ka extrema kūloko (ʻo ia hoʻi ka piko) o ka deflection (7).Ma hope o ka nānā maka ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao non-cavitating, ua koho ʻia kahi pālua o nā papa (a i ʻole ʻelua mau papa i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka hapalua manawa) (7) a ua ana ʻia ka ʻaoʻao deflection (kapa ʻia \(\mathbf {\times} \ ) Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka mea i luna. ma Python (v3.8, Python Software Foundation, python.org) e hoʻohana ana i ka OpenCV Canny edge detection algorithm (v4.5.1, open source computer vision library, opencv.org) mana uila \ (P_T \) (W, rms) .
Ua ana ʻia ka deflection tip me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi i lawe ʻia mai kahi kāmela kiʻekiʻe ma 310 kHz me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi algorithm 7-step (1-7) me ka framing (1-2), Canny edge detection (3-4), pixel location lihi helu (5) a me ko lakou manawa (6), a i ka hope loa, ua anaia ka hoolele o ka piko a hiki i ka piko ma na papa i nana maka ia (7).
Lawe ʻia nā ana ma ka lewa (22.4-22.9°C), ka wai deionized (20.8-21.5°C) a me ka gelatin ballistic 10% (w/v) (19.7-23.0°C, \(\text {Honeywell}^{ \text { TM}}\) \(\text {Fluka}^{\text {TM}}\) Bovine and Pork Bone Gelatin for Type I Ballistic Analysis, Honeywell International, North Carolina, USA).Ua anaʻia ka mahana me kahi mea hoʻonui thermocouple K-type (AD595, Analog Devices Inc., MA, USA) a me kahi thermocouple K-type (Fluke 80PK-1 Bead Probe No. 3648 type-K, Fluke Corporation, Washington, USA).Mai ka waena Ua ana ʻia ka hohonu mai ka ʻili (i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me ke kumu o ka z-axis) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pae z-axis i hoʻohālikelike ʻia (8MT50-100BS1-XYZ, Standa Ltd., Vilnius, Lithuania) me ka hoʻonā o 5 µm.i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu.
Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka laʻana (n = 5) a ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano maʻamau, ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hōʻike hōʻike hōʻike helu Wilcoxon ʻelua huelo ʻelua (R, v4.0.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, r-project .org) e hoʻohālikelike i ka nui o ka piko o ka nila no nā bevel ʻokoʻa.Aia he 3 hoʻohālikelike i kēlā me kēia slope, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi hoʻoponopono Bonferroni me kahi pae koʻikoʻi i hoʻololi ʻia o 0.017 a me kahi hapa hapa o 5%.
E huli kakou i ka Fig.7.Ma ke alapine o 29.75 kHz, ʻo ka hawewe hapalua (\(\lambda_y/2\)) o kahi kui 21-gauge he 8 mm.Ke hoʻokokoke nei kekahi i ka piko, e emi ana ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma ka ʻaoʻao oblique.Aia ma ka piko \(\lambda _y/2\) \(\kokoke\) he mau anuu o 3, 1 a me 7 mm no ka lanceolate maʻamau (a), asymmetric (b) a me axisymmetric (c) inclination o ka nila hoʻokahi. , pakahi.No laila, 'o ia ho'i, 'o ka laula o ka lancet he 5 mm (no ka mea, 'o nā mokulele 'elua o ka lancet i ho'okahi kiko29,30), 'o ka bevel asymmetric he 7 mm, 'o ka bevel asymmetric he 1. mm.Nā pali Axisymmetric (e mau ana ke kikowaena o ka umekaumaha, no laila, hoʻololi maoli ka mānoanoa o ka pā paipu ma ka pali).
Nā haʻawina FEM a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoohalike ma ke alapine o 29.75 kHz.(1) I ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hawewe hapa piko (\(\lambda_y/2\)) no ka lancet (a), asymmetric (b) a me axisymmetric (c) geometries bevel (e like me ka Fig. 1a,b,c). ).'O ka 'awelika waiwai \(\lambda_y/2\) o ka lancet, asymmetric, a me axisymmetric bevels he 5.65, 5.17, a me 7.52 mm.E hoʻomaopopo i ka palena o ka mānoanoa o ka piko no nā bevel asymmetric a axisymmetric i \(\approx) 50 µm.
ʻO ka mobility peak \(|\tilde{Y}_{v_yF_y}|\) ka hui maikaʻi loa o ka lōʻihi paipu (TL) a me ka lōʻihi bevel (BL) (Fig. 8, 9).No ka lancet maʻamau, ʻoiai ua paʻa kona nui, ʻo ka TL maikaʻi loa ʻo \(\alike) 29.1 mm (Fig. 8).No nā bevels asymmetric a me axisymmetric (Fig. 9a, b, kēlā me kēia), ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā haʻawina FEM i ka BL mai 1 a 7 mm, no laila ʻo ka TL maikaʻi loa mai 26.9 a 28.7 mm (nui 1.8 mm) a mai 27.9 a 29 .2 mm. 1.3 mm), kēlā me kēia.No ka slope asymmetric (Fig. 9a), ua hoʻonui ʻia ka TL maikaʻi loa i ka laina, hiki i kahi pāpū ma BL 4 mm, a laila hoʻemi nui mai BL 5 a 7 mm.No ka bevel axisymmetric (Fig. 9b), ua hoʻonui ʻia ka TL maikaʻi loa me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka BL a hoʻopaʻa hope ma BL mai 6 a 7 mm.Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina lōʻihi o ka axisymmetric tilt (Fig. 9c) i kahi ʻokoʻa o nā TL maikaʻi loa ma \(\approx) 35.1–37.1 mm.No nā BL a pau, ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā TL maikaʻi ʻelua ʻo \(\approx\) 8mm (like me \(\lambda_y/2\)).
Ka neʻe ʻana o Lancet ma 29.75 kHz.Ua ʻoliʻoli ka nila i ka alapine o 29.75 kHz a ua ana ʻia ka haʻalulu ma ka piko o ka nila a hōʻike ʻia e like me ka nui o ka neʻe ʻana o ka mīkini i hoʻouna ʻia (dB pili i ka waiwai kiʻekiʻe) no TL 26.5-29.5 mm (ma 0.1 mm increments) .
Hōʻike nā haʻawina parametric o ka FEM ma ke alapine o 29.75 kHz i ka liʻiliʻi o ka neʻe ʻana o kahi ʻaoʻao axisymmetric e ka loli o ka lōʻihi o ka paipu ma mua o kona ʻano like ʻole.ʻO ka lōʻihi o Bevel (BL) a me ka lōʻihi o ka paipu (TL) nā haʻawina o ka asymmetric (a) a me ke axisymmetric (b, c) geometries bevel i ka haʻawina domain frequency me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka FEM (hōʻike ʻia nā kūlana palena ma Fig. 2).(a, b) TL mai ka 26.5 a 29.5 mm (0.1 mm kapuai) a me BL 1–7 mm (0.5 mm kapuai).(c) Hoʻonui ʻia nā haʻawina axisymmetric tilt me ​​TL 25–40 mm (ma 0.05 mm increments) a me BL 0.1–7 mm (ma 0.1 mm increments) e hōʻike ana ʻo \(\lambda_y/2\ ) pono e hoʻokō i nā koi o ka piko.neʻe palena palena.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho nilala he ʻekolu eigenfrequencies \(f_{1-3}\) i māhele ʻia i nā ʻāpana haʻahaʻa, waena a kiʻekiʻe e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 1. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka nui PTE e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka fig.10 a laila kālailai ʻia ma Fig. 11. Aia ma lalo iho nā ʻike no kēlā me kēia ʻāpana modal:
ʻO nā amplitudes maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka swept-frequency sinusoidal excitation no kahi lancet (L) a me axisymmetric bevel AX1-3 i ka lewa, ka wai a me ka gelatin ma kahi hohonu o 20 mm.Hōʻike ʻia ka spectra ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi.ʻO ka pane alapine i ana ʻia (i hōʻike ʻia ma 300 kHz) i kānana ʻia a laila hoʻemi ʻia e ka helu 200 no ka loiloi modal.ʻO ka lakio hōʻailona-a-leo ʻo \(\le\) 45 dB.Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana PTE (laina kiko ʻulaʻula) i nā degere (\(^{\circ}\)).
ʻO ka loiloi pane modal (mean ± standard deviation, n = 5) i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig. 10, no nā pali L a me AX1-3, i ka ea, ka wai a me 10% gelatin (hohonu 20 mm), me (luna) ʻekolu mau ʻāpana modal ( haʻahaʻa, waena a kiʻekiʻe) a me kā lākou mau alapine ʻano like ʻole\(f_{1-3 }\) (kHz), (awelika) ikehu pono \(\text {PTE}_{1{-}3}\) Ua helu ʻia me nā mea like. .(4) a me (lalo) ka laula piha ma ka hapalua o ke ana nui \(\ kikokikona {FWHM}_{1{-}3}\) (Hz), pakahi.E hoʻomaopopo ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke ana bandwidth i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ai kahi PTE haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) inā he AX2 slope.Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ke ʻano \(f_2\) ka mea kūpono loa no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻokiʻoki o ka pali, no ka mea, ua hōʻike ʻia ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana (\(\text {PTE}_{2}\)), a hiki i 99%.
ʻAʻole hilinaʻi nui ʻo \(f_1\) i ke ʻano o ka mea i hoʻokomo ʻia, akā pili i ka geometry o ka pali.Ke emi nei ka \(f_1\) me ka emi ʻana o ka lōʻihi bevel (27.1, 26.2 a me 25.9 kHz i ka lewa no AX1-3, kēlā me kēia).'O ka 'awelika 'āpana \(\text {PTE}_{1}\) a me \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) he \(\approx\) 81% a me 230 Hz.\(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) loa'a ka waihona gelatin ki'eki'e loa ma ka Lancet (L, 473 Hz).E hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻole hiki ke loiloi ʻia ka \(\text {FWHM}_{1}\) AX2 i ka gelatin ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa FRF i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻelua: \(f_2\) pili i ke ʻano o ka media i hoʻokomo ʻia a me ka bevel.ʻO nā kumukūʻai maʻamau \(f_2 \) he 29.1, 27.9 a me 28.5 kHz i ka ea, ka wai a me ka gelatin.Ua hōʻike pū ʻia kēia ʻāpana modal i kahi PTE kiʻekiʻe o 99%, ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o kēlā me kēia hui i ana ʻia, me ka awelika kūloko o 84%.\(\text {FWHM}_{2}\) loa'a ka 'awelika āpana o \(\kokoke\) 910 Hz.
Māhele ʻaoʻao ʻekolu: pili ka alapine \(f_3\) i ke ʻano media a me ka bevel.He 32.0, 31.0 a me 31.3 kHz ma ka lewa, ka wai, a me ka gelatin ma waena o ka 'awelika \(f_3\).ʻO ka \(\text {PTE}_{3}\) ka awelika ʻāpana he \(\ma kahi o\) 74%, ka haʻahaʻa loa o kekahi māhele.'O ka 'awelika o ka 'āpana \(\text {FWHM}_{3}\) 'o \(\kokoke\) 1085 Hz, 'oi aku ka ki'eki'e ma mua o ka 'āpana mua a me ka 'elua.
       E pili ana keia i ka Fig.12 a me ka Papa 2. Ua pale ka lancet (L) i ka nui loa (me ke koʻikoʻi nui i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a pau, \(p<\) 0.017) ma ka ea a me ka wai (Fig. 12a), e loaʻa ana ka DPR kiʻekiʻe loa (a hiki i 220 µm/ W i ka lewa). 12 a me ka Papa 2. Ua pale ka lancet (L) i ka nui loa (me ke koʻikoʻi nui i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a pau, \(p<\) 0.017) ma ka ea a me ka wai (Fig. 12a), e loaʻa ana ka DPR kiʻekiʻe loa (a hiki i 220 µm/ W i ka lewa). Следующее относится к рисунку 12 и таблице 2. Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (с высокой значихдоть p<\) 0,017) как в воздухе, так и в воде (рис. 12а), достигая самого высокого DPR . Hoʻopili kēia i ka Figure 12 a me ka Papa 2. ʻO Lancet (L) i hoʻohuli i ka hapa nui loa (me ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a pau, \(p<\) 0.017) ma ka ea a me ka wai (Fig. 12a), e hoʻokō i ka DPR kiʻekiʻe.(i 220 μm/W i ka lewa).Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Smt.Helu 12 a me ka Papa 2 malalo.E （在空气中高达220 µm/W）。Loaʻa iā 柳叶刀(L) ka deflection kiʻekiʻe loa i ka ea a me ka wai (对所记尖端可以高电影性,\(p<\) 0.017) (图12a), a loaʻa i ka DPR kiʻekiʻe loa (a hiki i 22W0 µm/m/m/m ea). Ланцет (L) отклонялся больше всего (высокая значимость для всех наконечников, \(p<\) 0,017) в воздух иде ), свдуха и ольшего DPR (hiki i 220 мкм/Вт в воздухе). ʻO Lancet (L) i hoʻohuli i ka mea nui loa (ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo āpau, \(p<\) 0.017) i ka ea a me ka wai (Fig. 12a), a hiki i ka DPR kiʻekiʻe loa (a hiki i 220 µm/W i ka lewa). I ka lewa, AX1 nona ka BL kiʻekiʻe aʻe, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o AX2–3 (me ke koʻikoʻi, \(p<\) 0.017), aʻo AX3 (ʻo ia ka BL haʻahaʻa) i ʻoi aku ma mua o AX2 me kahi DPR o 190 µm/W. I ka lewa, AX1 nona ka BL kiʻekiʻe aʻe, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe ma mua o AX2–3 (me ke koʻikoʻi, \(p<\) 0.017), aʻo AX3 (ʻo ia ka BL haʻahaʻa) i ʻoi aku ma mua o AX2 me kahi DPR o 190 µm/W. В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклонялся выше, чем AX2–3 (со значимостью \(p<\) 0,017), тогда злонки AX3 больше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. I ka lewa, AX1 me ka BL kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o AX2–3 (me ke koʻikoʻi \(p<\) 0.017), ʻoiai ʻo AX3 (me ka BL haʻahaʻa) i ʻoi aku ma mua o AX2 me DPR 190 µm/W.在空气中，具有更高BL 的AX1 比AX2-3 偏转更高（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3（具有显着性，\(p<\) 0.017），而AX3．夏而住于AX2，DPR 为190 µm/W . I ka lewa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka deflection o AX1 me BL kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka AX2-3 (ʻoi loa, \(p<\) 0.017), a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka deflection o AX3 (me ka BL haʻahaʻa) ma mua o AX2, DPR ʻo 190. µm/W . В воздухе AX1 с более высоким BL отклоняется больше, чем AX2-3 (значимо, \(p<\) 0,017), тогда как AX3 (слникзом) ольше, чем AX2 с DPR 190 мкм/Вт. Ma ka lewa, AX1 me ka BL kiʻekiʻe e pale aku ma mua o AX2-3 (koʻikoʻi, \(p<\) 0.017), aʻo AX3 (me ka BL haʻahaʻa) e pale aku ma mua o AX2 me DPR 190 μm/W.Ma 20 mm wai, ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka deflection a me PTE AX1–3 (\(p>\) 0.017).ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe o ka PTE i loko o ka wai (90.2-98.4%) ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka ea (56-77.5%) (Fig. 12c), a ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka cavitation i ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua ʻana i ka wai (Fig. 13, ʻike pū kekahi. ʻike).
ʻO ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka piko (mean ± SD, n = 5) i ana ʻia no ka bevel L a me AX1-3 i ka ea a me ka wai (hohonu 20 mm) hōʻike i ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka geometry bevel.Loaʻa ʻia nā ana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka sinusoidal excitation.(a) Wehe a ka piko (\(u_y\vec {j}\)) ma ka piko, ana ma (b) ko lakou mau alapine kalaiwa \(f_2\).(c) Ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana (PTE, RMS, %) o ka hoohalike.(4) a me (d) Ka helu mana deflection (DPR, µm/W) i helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he deviation peak-to-peak a hoʻouna ʻia ka mana uila \(P_T\) (Wrms).
ʻO kahi kiʻi kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe maʻamau e hōʻike ana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka peak-to-peak deviation (nā laina kiko ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻulaʻula) o kahi lancet (L) a me ka piko axisymmetric (AX1-3) i loko o ka wai (20 mm hohonu) i ka hapalua pōʻai.pōʻaiapuni, ma ke alapine hoʻouluulu \(f_2\) (ke alapine hoʻohālike 310 kHz).He 128×128 pixels ka nui o ke kiʻi kiʻi ʻāhinahina a me ka nui pika o \(\approx\) 5 µm.Hiki ke loaʻa ke wikiō ma ka ʻike hou aku.
No laila, ua hoʻohālike mākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nalu nalu (Fig. 7) a ua helu i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mechanical transferable no ka hui ʻana o ka lōʻihi paipu a me ka chamfer (Fig. 8, 9) no nā lancet maʻamau, asymmetric a axisymmetric chamfers o nā ʻano geometric.Ma muli o ka hope, ua manaʻo mākou i ka mamao maikaʻi loa o 43 mm (a i ʻole \(\ ma kahi o) 2.75 \ (\ lambda _y \) ma 29.75 kHz) mai ka piko a i ka weld, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Fig. 5, a hana ʻia ʻekolu axisymmetric. nā bevel me nā lōʻihi like ʻole.A laila hōʻike mākou i kā lākou ʻano alapine i ka ea, ka wai, a me 10% (w/v) ballistic gelatin i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lancets maʻamau (Nā Kiʻi 10, 11) a hoʻoholo i ke ʻano kūpono loa no ka hoʻohālikelike deflection bevel.ʻO ka hope loa, ua ana mākou i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka piko ma ke kuʻi ʻana i ka nalu i ka ea a me ka wai ma kahi hohonu o 20 mm a ua helu i ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana (PTE, %) a me ke kumu mana deflection (DPR, µm/W) o ka mea hoʻokomo no kēlā me kēia bevel.ʻano angular (Fig. 12).
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka geometry bevel needle e pili ana i ka nui o ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka piko o ka nila.Ua loaʻa i ka lancet ka deflection kiʻekiʻe a me ka DPR kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka bevel axisymmetric me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (Fig. 12).ʻO ka bevel axisymmetric 4 mm (AX1) me ka bevel lōʻihi loa i loaʻa i ka helu helu ʻoi loa ka deflection i ka ea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā nila axisymmetric ʻē aʻe (AX2–3) (\(p <0.017\), Papa 2), akā ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa nui. .nānā ʻia ke kau ʻia ka nila i loko o ka wai.No laila, ʻaʻohe mea maikaʻi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka lōʻihi bevel lōʻihi e pili ana i ka deflection kiʻekiʻe ma ka piko.Me kēia noʻonoʻo, ʻike ʻia he ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka geometry bevel i aʻo ʻia ma kēia haʻawina i ka hoʻohuli ʻana ma mua o ka lōʻihi o ka bevel.Ma muli paha o ke kulou ʻana o ka ʻoʻoleʻa, no ka laʻana, ma muli o ka mānoanoa holoʻokoʻa o ka mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka nila.
Ma nā haʻawina hoʻokolohua, pili ka nui o ka nalu flexural i hōʻike ʻia e nā kūlana palena o ka piko.Ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka piko o ka nila i loko o ka wai a me ka gelatin, ʻo \(\text {PTE}_{2}\) he 95%, a ʻo \(\text {PTE}_{ 2}\) he \ (\text {PTE}_{ 2}\) he 73% a me 77% ka waiwai no (\text {PTE}_{1}\) a me \(\text {PTE}_{3}\), pakahi (Fig. 11).Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu leo ​​i ka mea hoʻolei ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka wai a i ʻole gelatin, hiki i \(f_2\).Ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano like i loko o kahi haʻawina mua31 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi ma ka 41-43 kHz frequency range, kahi i hōʻike ai nā mea kākau i ka hilinaʻi o ka coefficient noʻonoʻo uila i ka modulus mechanical o ka mea hoʻopili.ʻO ka hohonu o ke komo ʻana 32 a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻiʻo e hāʻawi i kahi haʻahaʻa mechanical ma ka nila a no laila ke manaʻo ʻia e hoʻohuli i ka ʻano resonant o ka UZEFNAB.No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana i nā algorithms tracking resonance (eg 17, 18, 33) no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana acoustic i hāʻawi ʻia ma o ka nila.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā loʻi nalu (Fig. 7) e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kihi axisymmetric (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka piko) ma mua o ka lancet a me ka bevel asymmetric.Ma muli o (1) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pilina o ka velocity-frequency i ʻike ʻia, manaʻo mākou i ka ʻoʻoleʻa kulou ma ka piko o ka nila e like me \(\ma kahi o\) 200, 20 a me 1500 MPa no nā mokulele lancet, asymmetric a me axial inclined.Pili kēia me \(\lambda_y\) o \(\akun\) 5.3, 1.7, a me 14.2 mm, ma ka 29.75 kHz (Fig. 7a–c).Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka palekana olakino i ka wā USeFNAB, pono e loiloi ʻia ka hopena o ka geometry i ka ʻoʻoleʻa o ka mokulele inclined34.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina o nā ʻāpana bevel e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka paipu (Fig. 9) i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pae hoʻouna maikaʻi loa no ka bevel asymmetric (1.8 mm) ma mua o ka bevel axisymmetric (1.3 mm).Eia hou, ua kūpaʻa ka neʻe ʻana ma \(\ ma kahi o) mai 4 a 4.5 mm a mai 6 a 7 mm no nā tilts asymmetric a me axisymmetric, i kēlā me kēia (Fig. 9a, b).Hōʻike ʻia ke koʻikoʻi o kēia ʻike ʻana i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻae ʻana, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka TL maikaʻi loa e manaʻo ʻia e koi ʻia ka pololei o ka lōʻihi.I ka manawa like, hāʻawi ka mobility plateau i ka hoʻomanawanui nui aʻe no ke koho ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka luʻu ʻana i kahi alapine i hāʻawi ʻia me ka ʻole o ka hopena nui i ka neʻe.
Aia ka haʻawina i nā palena ma lalo nei.ʻO ke ana pololei ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka nila me ka ʻike maka a me ke kiʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe (Figure 12) ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia mākou i nā pāpaʻi optically e like me ka ea a me ka wai.Makemake mākou e kuhikuhi ʻaʻole mākou i hoʻohana i nā hoʻokolohua e hoʻāʻo ai i ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻoili ʻana a me ka hope, akā ua hoʻohana i nā haʻawina FEM e hoʻoholo ai i ka lōʻihi kūpono no ka hana ʻana i ka nila.No nā palena kūpono, ʻo ka lōʻihi o ka lancet mai ka piko a i ka lima he 0.4 knm ka lōʻihi ma mua o nā nila ʻē aʻe (AX1-3), ʻike i ka fig.3b.Hiki i kēia ke ho'ololi i ka pane modal o ka ho'olālā nila.Eia kekahi, ʻo ke ʻano a me ka nui o ka solder ma ka hope o kahi pine waveguide (e ʻike i ke Kiʻi 3) hiki ke hoʻopili i ka impedance mechanical o ka hoʻolālā pin, e hoʻopuka ana i nā hewa i ka impedance mechanical a me ke ʻano kulou.
ʻO ka hope, ua hōʻike mākou e pili ana ka geometry bevel hoʻokolohua i ka nui o ka deflection ma USeFNAB.Inā loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi i ka hopena o ka nila ma ka ʻiʻo, e like me ke ʻoki ʻana i ka pono ma hope o ke ʻoki ʻana, a laila hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia kahi lancet maʻamau ma USeFNAB no ka mea e hāʻawi ana i ka deflection kiʻekiʻe me ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻoʻoleʻa kūpono o ka piko kūkulu..Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina hou 35 e hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka piko i nā hopena olaola e like me ka cavitation, hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā noi ʻokiʻoki liʻiliʻi.Ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana acoustic holoʻokoʻa ua hōʻike ʻia e hoʻonui i ka hua biopsy ma USeFNAB13, pono nā noiʻi quantitative hou o ka hāʻawi ʻana a me ka maikaʻi no ka loiloi ʻana i nā pono lapaʻau kikoʻī o ka geometry needle i aʻo ʻia.